iNOS
iNOS is an inducible nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide from L-arginine and acts as a key mediator of immune activation and inflammation[1]. Mechanistically, inflammatory cells such as macrophages produce nitric oxide mainly through iNOS during inflammatory processes, where nitric oxide functions as an innate immune effector molecule[2]. iNOS expression is regulated by inflammatory signaling pathways, including PKC, NF-κB, STAT3-NF-κB interaction, and PKCδ-IRF1 signaling, which connect cytokine or LPS stimulation to nitric oxide production[2][3][4]. In disease models, dysregulated iNOS has been linked to sepsis, cancer, neurodegeneration, pain, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fibrosis, and neurological disease models[1][5][6][7]. Compared with nNOS and eNOS, iNOS differs by stimulus-responsive expression and high nitric oxide output, whereas nNOS mainly supports neuronal signaling and eNOS supports endothelial vascular regulation[8]. However, iNOS is not solely pathological, because traumatic brain injury models showed worse outcomes after iNOS inhibition or iNOS gene deletion[9]. For experimental applications, selective iNOS inhibitors remain useful tools for testing nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms, although no iNOS inhibitor is approved for human use[1].
References:
- [1]. Cinelli MA, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2020 Jan;40(1):158-189. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Leppänen T, et al. Protein kinase C and its inhibitors in the regulation of inflammation: inducible nitric oxide synthase as an example. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan;114(1):37-43. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Yu Z, et al. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB. Biochem J. 2002 Oct 1;367(Pt 1):97-105. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Leppänen T, et al. Down-regulation of protein kinase Cδ inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through IRF1. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52741. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kolios G, et al. Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle. Immunology. 2004 Dec;113(4):427-37. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Cinar R, et al. Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates liver fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(11):e87336. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Gage MC, et al. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs. 2021 Jan;35(1):1-20. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Förstermann U, et al. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012 Apr;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Sinz EH, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest. 1999 Sep;104(5):647-56. [Content Brief]
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iNOS Related Products (206)
Related Products (206)
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1-Hydroxy-4αH-1,10-secoeudesma-5(6),10(14),11(13)-trien-12,8β-olide
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N20682CAS No.: 2866266-56-81-Hydroxy-4αH-1,10-secoeudesma-5(6),10(14),11(13)-trien-12,8β-olide is a neuroprotective agent. 1-Hydroxy-4αH-1,10-secoeudesma-5(6),10(14),11(13)-trien-12,8β-olide reduces the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2, blocks the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB, and inhibits nitric oxide production. 1-Hydroxy-4αH-1,10-secoeudesma-5(6),10(14),11(13)-trien-12,8β-olide promotes the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype by inducing the production of Arg-1, and alleviates cell damage induced by H2O2 and 6-Hydroxydopamine (HY-B1081).
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6-trans-(2''-O-α-Rhamnopyranosyl)ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N21618CAS No.: 1078678-64-46-trans-(2''-O-α-Rhamnopyranosyl) ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone is an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitory flavonoid that can be isolated from Pogonatherum crinitum. 6-trans-(2''-O-α-Rhamnopyranosyl) ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone inhibits iNOS mRNA expression in activated macrophages and reduces NO production. 6-trans-(2''-O-α-Rhamnopyranosyl) ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone can be used for research on inflammatory diseases associated with excessive nitric oxide production.
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KLYP961
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-14343CAS No.: 1125746-49-7KLYP961 is a selective and orally active dual inhibitor of inducible and neuronal NO synthase (IC50 = 50-400 nM). KLYP961 can inhibit endotoxin-evoked plasma nitrates increases and attenuate pain behaviors in a mouse formalin model. KLYP961 can attenuate carrageenin-induced edema and inflammatory hyperalgesia and writhing response elicited by Phenylbenzoquinone (HY-W275039). KLYP961 can be used for the research of neurological disease.
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Rabelomycin
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-114798CAS No.: 28399-50-0Rabelomycin is an angucycline antibiotic and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor with an IC50 of 63.9 μM. Rabelomycin can be used in research on bacterial infections, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
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(9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid-d5
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-118828ASCAS No.: 2692624-08-9Synonyms: (9S,13R)-12-OPDA-d5(9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid-d5 ((9S,13R)-12-OPDA-d5) is the deuterated-labeled (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid (HY-118828A). (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid ((9S,13R)-12-OPDA) is a mPGES-1 inhibitor and Nrf2 activator. (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid selectively inhibits mPGES-1 expression and reduces inducible PGE2 production without affecting COX-1 or COX-2. (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα, and NF-κB (p65), blocks the nuclear translocation of p65, increases the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and upregulates HO-1 expression. (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid inhibits the differentiation of M0 macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and promotes differentiation toward the M2 phenotype. (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid decreases the levels of NO, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and PGD2. (9S,13R)-12-Oxo phytodienoic acid can be used for inflammation research.
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SIN 14
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-173518CAS No.: 3064262-80-9SIN 14, a derivative of Sinomenine (HY-15122), is an orally active HO-1 activator (KD = 17.2 μM). SIN 14 binds to the catalytic core domain of HO-1 and induces HO-1 activation in catalysis. SIN 14 significantly increases HO-1 stability. SIN 14 has anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits M1 macrophage polarization while promoting M2 polarization in LPS (Lipopolysaccharides)(HY-D1056)-induced RAW264.7 cells. SIN 14 inhibits inflammatory mediator production (eg: NO, IL-6, IL-1β and CCL2, inhibits production of ROS and down-regulates the expression of COX-2 and iNOS. SIN 14 can inhibit RA-related inflammatory edema in collagen-induced arthritis (ClA) mice.
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Anti-inflammatory agent 111
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-181155Anti-inflammatory agent 111 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 111 reduces Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (HY-D1056)-induced i-NOS and COX-2 protein expression, decreases nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α production. Anti-inflammatory agent 111 maintains normal cell viability at bioactive concentrations.Anti-inflammatory agent 111 can be used for the research of inflammation-related disorders.
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Ephemeranthol A
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N17888CAS No.: 135545-86-7Ephemeranthol A is a phenanthrene compound with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Ephemeranthol A exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Ephemeranthol A induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis of lung cancer cells by suppressing the FAK/Akt signaling and EMT processes. Ephemeranthol A can be used for the research of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and non-small cell lung cancer.
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5α-Epoxyalantolactone
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N21980CAS No.: 65563-75-95α-Epoxyalantolactone is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable ANXA2 inhibitor. 5α-Epoxyalantolactone binds to ANXA2, blocks the formation of ANXA2-S100A10 heterotetramers, inhibits the membrane trafficking of E-cadherin, and prevents metastasis of breast cancer cells as well as proliferation of breast cancer stem cells. 5α-Epoxyalantolactone improves cognitive and memory impairments by inhibiting the iNOS/COX-2/NF-κB pathway and reducing the activity of cerebral AChE. 5α-Epoxyalantolactone can be used in studies related to Alzheimer's disease and triple-negative breast cancer.
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STAT3/NF-κB-IN-3
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-184736STAT3/NF-κB-IN-3 is an orally active STAT3/NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which specifically blocks the phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT3 proteins. STAT3/NF-κB-IN-3 downregulates the expression of iNOS and NOX-2 in macrophages, reduces intracellular levels of ROS and MDA, and upregulates the expression of antioxidant genes at the same time. In a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by LPS/D-GalN, STAT3/NF-κB-IN-3 alleviates liver necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-12 via the TLR4 pathway. STAT3/NF-κB-IN-3 can be used in studies related to acute liver failure.
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2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (Standard)
0 Images2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde is a pharmaceutical intermediate that can be used to synthesize various Schiff base compounds. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde exhibits significant anti angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde reduces the production of NO and ROS by inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde is commonly used in the study of inflammatory conditions.
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LYRM03
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N19847CAS No.: 1820750-36-4LYRM03 is a derivative of Ubenimex (HY-B0134) and a Aminopeptidase N inhibitor. LYRM03 is isolated from Streptomyces HCCB10043. LYRM03 inhibits TLR4, MyD88, NLRP3, ASC, NF-κB and p38 MAPK, stabilizes IκB, and suppresses LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. LYRM03 reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers, and alleviates pulmonary edema. LYRM03 exhibits anticancer activity against breast cancer. LYRM03 has anti-inflammatory activity. LYRM03 can be used in the research of acute lung injury and breast cancer.
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Momilactone A
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N11293CAS No.: 51415-07-7Momilactone A is a naturally derived diterpene lactone with multiple biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Momilactone A inhibits inflammatory responses by reducing NO production and iNOS expression. Momilactone A acts as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel; it forms an isolating film on the metal surface via adsorption between oxygen atoms of the molecule and iron ions, thereby blocking corrosive media. Momilactone A inhibits the growth of fungal and bacterial organisms, and also functions as an allelochemical to inhibit the growth of adjacent competing plants. Momilactone A can be used in studies related to leukemia, fungal infections and bacterial infections.
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NF-κB-IN-21
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-184716NF-κB-IN-21 is a NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor. NF-κB-IN-21 reduces the phosphorylation levels of IκBα and p65, and inhibits the nuclear translocation of p65. NF-κB-IN-21 downregulates the expression of iNOS, inhibits nitric oxide production, and decreases the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. NF-κB-IN-21 is used in the research of inflammatory diseases.
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PPM-18
0 ImagesSynonyms: NSC 73233PPM-18 (NSC 73233) is a Vitamin K (HY-B2172) analog. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced IκBα degradation, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. PPM-18 inhibits LPS-induced nitrite production and iNOS expression. PPM-18 inhibits HDAC6. PPM-18 induces ROS accumulation, activates AMPK, inhibits the mTORC1 and PI3K/AKT pathways, initiates Autophagy, and induces Apoptosis. PPM-18 suppresses seizures in zebrafish and mouse epilepsy models. PPM-18 prevents LPS-induced lethal toxicity and delayed hypotension. PPM-18 exhibits anticancer activity against leukemia and bladder cancer. PPM-18 can be used in research related to septic shock, bladder cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-184698CAS No.: 3072761-08-8Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4 is a Nrf2/HO-1 activator. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4 inhibits nitric oxide production and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as upstream inflammatory enzymes COX-2 and iNOS. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4 reduces ROS accumulation, and restores GSH levels and SOD activity. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4 ameliorates depression-like behaviors in mice. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 4 can be used for research on major depressive disorder.
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Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-13571BCAS No.: 77011-63-3Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate, the proagent of Beclometasone, is an orally active and potent glucocorticoid recepter agonist. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate acts via a glucocorticoid receptor and suppresses inflammation and hyperproliferation. Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate can be used for asthma .
